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Arthritis of the Foot and Ankle Arthritis of the Hand Arthritis of the Knee Arthritis of the Thumb Arthritis of the Wrist Arthritis: An Overview Arthroscopy Articular Cartilage Restoration Cervical Spondylosis (Arthritis of the Neck) Exercise and Bone and Joint...

Articular Cartilage (Surface) Injury If the surface cartilage is torn, this is most significant as a major shock-absorbing function is compromised. Large pieces of articular cartilage can float in the knee (sometimes with bone attached) and this causes locking of the...

What is the ACL? The ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) is one of the four main ligaments in the knee. The ligament connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia), keeping the knee from hyperextending, preventing anterior dislocation at the tibia, providing...

Treatment of Anterior Knee Pain General Information Patients who have problems with the kneecap (patella) can have pain around the front of the knee and /or episodes of the patella slipping out of the groove (trochlea) where it belongs (patellar instability). When the...

Treatment of Hip and Knee Arthritis What is Osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, is a chronic, degenerative joint disease that affects mostly middle-aged and older adults. Osteoarthritis is characterized by the breakdown of joint...

There are four major ligaments in the knee. Ligaments are elastic bands of tissue that connect bones to each other and provide stability and strength to the joint. The four main ligaments in the knee connect the femur (thighbone) to the tibia (shin bone), and include the following: […]

The ends of the three bones in the knee – the femur, tibia, and patella – are covered with cartilage (a smooth material that covers bone ends of a joint to cushion the bone and allow the joint to move easily without pain) that acts as a shock absorber. Between the bones of the knees are two crescent-shaped discs of connective tissue, called menisci, which also act as shock absorbers to cushion the lower part of the leg from the weight of the rest of the body.[…]

Dislocation of the shoulder means the displacement of the upper arm bone (humerus) out of the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint is the most frequently dislocated major joint of the body – often caused by a significant force that separates the shoulder joint’s ball (the top rounded portion of the upper arm bone, or humerus) away from the joint’s socket (glenoid). […]

Shoulder arthroscopy is used for rotator cuff repair. Rotator cuff repair is surgery that repairs a torn tendon in the shoulder (tendons connect muscle to bone). The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that form a “cuff” over the shoulder, keeping the arm in the ball-and-socket joint and helping the shoulder to rotate.[…]

The rotator cuff consists of muscles and tendons that hold the shoulder in place. It is one of the most important parts of the shoulder. The rotator cuff allows a person to lift his/her arms and reach up. An injury to the rotator cuff, such as a tear, may happen suddenly when falling on an outstretched hand or develop over time due to repetitive activities. […]

Ankle Fractures (Broken Ankle) A broken ankle is also known as an ankle “fracture.” This means that one or more of the bones that make up the ankle joint are broken. A fractured ankle can range from a simple break in one bone, which may not stop you from...

Tibia (Shinbone) Shaft Fractures The tibia, or shinbone, is the most common fractured long bone in your body. The long bones include the femur, humerus, tibia, and fibula. A tibial shaft fracture occurs along the length of the bone, below the knee and above the ankle....

Hip Fractures A hip fracture is a break in the upper quarter of the femur (thigh) bone. The extent of the break depends on the forces that are involved. The type of surgery used to treat a hip fracture is primarily based on the bones and soft tissues affected or on...

Femur Shaft Fractures (Broken Thighbone) Your thighbone (femur) is the longest and strongest bone in your body. Because the femur is so strong, it usually takes a lot of force to break it. Car crashes, for example, are the number one cause of femur fractures. The...

Adult Forearm Fractures Your forearm is made up of two bones, the radius and ulna. In most cases of adult forearm fractures, both bones are broken. Fractures of the forearm can occur near the wrist at the farthest (distal) end of the bone, in the middle of the...

Distal Radius Fractures (Broken Wrist) This article is also available in Spanish: Fracturas distales del radio (muñeca quebrada) and Portuguese: Fraturas distais do rádio (fratura do punho). The radius is the larger of the two bones of the forearm. The end toward the...

Trigger Finger This article is also available in Spanish: Dedo en gatillo. Trigger finger limits finger movement. When you try to straighten your finger, it will lock or catch before popping out straight. Trigger finger is a condition that affects the tendons in your...

Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow (Cubital Tunnel Syndrome) This article is also available in Spanish: Atrapamiento del nervio cubital en el codo (síndrome del túnel cubital) (Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow (Cubital Tunnel Syndrome)). Ulnar nerve entrapment...

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Information on carpal tunnel syndrome is also available in Spanish: Síndrome del túnel carpiano. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common condition that causes pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and arm. The condition occurs when one of the...

Radial Head Fractures of the Elbow While trying to break a fall with your hands may seem instinctive, the force of the fall could travel up your forearm bones and dislocate your elbow. It also could break the smaller bone (radius) in your forearm. Fractures of the...

Distal Humerus Fractures of the Elbow A distal humerus fracture is a break in the lower end of the upper arm bone (humerus), one of the three bones that come together to form the elbow joint. A fracture in this area can be very painful and make elbow motion difficult...

Total Elbow Replacement Although elbow joint replacement is much less common than knee or hip replacement, it is just as successful in relieving joint pain and returning people to activities they enjoy. In 2010, about 3,000 people in the U.S. had elbow replacement...

Biceps Tendon Tear at the Elbow The biceps muscle is located in the front of your upper arm. It is attached to the bones of the shoulder and elbow by tendons — strong cords of fibrous tissue that attach muscles to bones. Tears of the biceps tendon at the elbow are...

Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) This article is also available in Spanish: Codo de tenista (epicondilitis lateral) (Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)). Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, is a painful condition of the elbow caused by overuse. Not...

Frozen Shoulder This article is also available in Spanish: Hombro congelado (Frozen Shoulder). Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, causes pain and stiffness in the shoulder. Over time, the shoulder becomes very hard to move. Frozen shoulder occurs in...

Shoulder Impingement/Rotator Cuff Tendinitis This article is also available in Spanish: Compresión del hombro/ Tendinitis del manguito rotador. One of the most common physical complaints is shoulder pain. Your shoulder is made up of several joints combined with...

Rotator Cuff Tears Information on rotator cuff tears is also available in Spanish: Desgarres del manguito de los rotadores. A rotator cuff tear is a common cause of pain and disability among adults. In 2013, almost 2 million people in the United States went to their...

Clavicle Fracture (Broken Collarbone) A clavicle fracture is a break in the collarbone, one of the main bones in the shoulder. This type of fracture is fairly common—accounting for about 5 percent of all adult fractures. Most clavicle fractures occur when a fall onto...

Scapula (Shoulder Blade) Fractures Fracture patterns in the scapula (Reproduced with permission from Zuckerman JD, Koval KJ, Cuomo F: Fractures of the scapula, in Heckman JD (ed): Instructional Course Lectures 42. Rosemont, IL, American Academy of Orthopaedic...

Dislocated Shoulder The shoulder joint is the body’s most mobile joint. It can turn in many directions. But, this advantage also makes the shoulder an easy joint to dislocate. Shoulder instability A partial dislocation (subluxation) means the head of the upper...

Proximal Humeral Fractures Fractures of the proximal humerus are common, accounting for 5% of all fractures. These fractures tend to occur in older patients who are osteoporotic. The most common mechanism for these fractures is a fall on the outstretched hand from a...

Basics of failed shoulder surgery and revision shoulder surgery A shoulder surgery has failed when it does not achieve the expectations of the patient and the surgeon. Failure can result from stiffness, weakness, instability, pain or failure to heal, and from...

Reverse Total Shoulder Replacement Every year, thousands of conventional total shoulder replacements are successfully done in the United States for patients with shoulder arthritis. This type of surgery, however, is not as beneficial for patients with large rotator...

Shoulder Joint Replacement Although shoulder joint replacement is less common than knee or hip replacement, it is just as successful in relieving joint pain. Shoulder replacement surgery was first performed in the United States in the 1950s to treat severe shoulder...

A rotator cuff tear arthropathy is a condition that occurs when there is severe shoulder arthritis in the setting of a large rotator cuff tear. In order to be considered a rotator cuff tear arthropathy, there are three clinical findings that are present: Insufficient...

Arthritis of the Shoulder This article is also available in Spanish: Artritis del hombro (Arthritis of the Shoulder). In 2011, more than 50 million people in the United States reported that they had been diagnosed with some form of arthritis, according to the National...

Dr. Elkanich has experience treating a wide range of spine deformities, which are simply abnormalities in how the spine is shaped, aligned, or formed. You may hear a spine deformity referred to as a curved spine, a misshaped spine, curvature of the spine, or by a...

In those with spondylolisthesis, a bone within your back will slide forward and cover the bone that lies below it. This typically affects the lower spine and it can cause nerve roots or the spinal cord to become squeezed. The result is back pain along with weakness or...

Dr. Elkanich offers total disc replacement for patients with worn out discs that are painful or arthritic. Most commonly, this is done with artificial discs that are made of metal or plastic and it is currently only an option on the lumbar region, meaning your lower...

Among the various issues that Dr. Elkanich frequently sees, spine trauma is fairly common. Spine trauma or traumatic injuries to the spinal cord are typically the result of sudden blows from some sort of accident. In mild cases, you may only notice some loss of...

Degenerative spinal conditions are the type that involves your normal spinal structure and functionality worsening over the course of time. In most cases, they are due to aging, but they can also be due to tumors, arthritis, and infections. Dr. Elkanich has experience...

One of the many procedures performed by Dr. Elkanich is cervical, thoracic, or lumbar fusion. These are all various types of fusion in which excess bone is used from one area of the body or a bone bank to create a bridge before encouraging new bone growth. Fusion...